We offer a small material on the topic: “Electricity for beginners.” It will give an initial understanding of the terms and phenomena associated with the movement of electrons in metals.

Features of the term

Electricity is the energy of small charged particles moving in conductors in a specific direction.

With constant current, there is no change in its magnitude, as well as in the direction of movement over a certain period of time. If a galvanic cell (battery) is chosen as the current source, then the charge moves in an orderly manner: from the negative pole to the positive end. The process continues until it completely disappears.

Alternating current periodically changes magnitude as well as direction of movement.

AC transmission circuit

Let's try to understand what a phase is in a word everyone has heard, but not everyone understands its true meaning. We will not go into details and details; we will select only the material that the home craftsman needs. A three-phase network is a method of transmitting electric current, in which current flows through three different wires, and one returns it. For example, there are two wires in an electrical circuit.

Current flows through the first wire to the consumer, for example, to a kettle. The second wire is used to return it. When such a circuit is opened, there will be no passage of electric charge inside the conductor. This diagram describes a single-phase circuit. in electricity? A phase is considered to be a wire through which electric current flows. Zero is the wire through which the return is carried out. In a three-phase circuit there are three phase wires at once.

An electrical panel in the apartment is necessary for current in all rooms. are considered economically feasible, since they do not require two. When approaching the consumer, the current is divided into three phases, each with a zero. The ground electrode, which is used in a single-phase network, does not carry a working load. He is a fuse.

For example, if a short circuit occurs, there is a threat of electric shock or fire. To prevent such a situation, the current value should not exceed a safe level; the excess goes into the ground.

The manual “School for Electricians” will help novice craftsmen cope with some breakdowns of household appliances. For example, if there are problems with the functioning of the electric motor of the washing machine, current will flow to the outer metal casing.

If there is no grounding, the charge will be distributed throughout the machine. When you touch it with your hands, a person will act as a grounding conductor and receive an electric shock. If there is a ground wire, this situation will not arise.

Features of electrical engineering

The textbook “Electricity for Dummies” is popular among those who are far from physics, but plan to use this science for practical purposes.

The date of appearance of electrical engineering is considered to be the beginning of the nineteenth century. It was at this time that the first current source was created. The discoveries made in the field of magnetism and electricity managed to enrich science with new concepts and facts of important practical significance.

The “School for Electrician” manual assumes familiarity with the basic terms related to electricity.

Many physics books contain complex electrical diagrams and a variety of confusing terms. In order for beginners to understand all the intricacies of this section of physics, a special manual “Electricity for Dummies” was developed. An excursion into the world of the electron must begin with a consideration of theoretical laws and concepts. Illustrative examples and historical facts used in the book “Electricity for Dummies” will help novice electricians acquire knowledge. To check your progress, you can use assignments, tests, and exercises related to electricity.

If you understand that you do not have enough theoretical knowledge to independently cope with connecting electrical wiring, refer to reference books for “dummies”.

Safety and Practice

First you need to carefully study the section regarding safety precautions. In this case, during work related to electricity, there will be no emergency situations hazardous to health.

In order to put into practice the theoretical knowledge gained after self-studying the basics of electrical engineering, you can start with old household appliances. Before starting repairs, be sure to read the instructions included with the device. Don't forget that you shouldn't joke with electricity.

Electric current is associated with the movement of electrons in conductors. If a substance is not capable of conducting current, it is called a dielectric (insulator).

For free electrons to move from one pole to another, there must be a certain potential difference between them.

The intensity of the current passing through a conductor is related to the number of electrons passing through the cross section of the conductor.

The speed of current flow is affected by the material, length, and cross-sectional area of ​​the conductor. As the length of the wire increases, its resistance increases.

Conclusion

Electricity is an important and complex branch of physics. The manual "Electricity for Dummies" examines the main quantities characterizing the efficiency of electric motors. The units of voltage are volts, current is measured in amperes.

Everyone has a certain power. It refers to the amount of electricity generated by a device over a certain period of time. Energy consumers (refrigerators, washing machines, kettles, irons) also have power, consuming electricity during operation. If you wish, you can carry out mathematical calculations and determine the approximate price for each household appliance.

Let's start with the concept of electricity. Electric current is the ordered movement of charged particles under the influence of an electric field. The particles can be free electrons of the metal if the current flows through a metal wire, or ions if the current flows in a gas or liquid.
There is also current in semiconductors, but this is a separate topic for discussion. An example is a high-voltage transformer from a microwave oven - first, electrons flow through the wires, then ions move between the wires, respectively, first the current flows through the metal, and then through the air. A substance is called a conductor or semiconductor if it contains particles that can carry an electric charge. If there are no such particles, then such a substance is called a dielectric; it does not conduct electricity. Charged particles carry an electric charge, which is measured as q in coulombs.
The unit of measurement of current strength is called Ampere and is designated by the letter I, a current of 1 Ampere is formed when a charge of 1 Coulomb passes through a point in an electrical circuit in 1 second, that is, roughly speaking, the current strength is measured in coulombs per second. And in essence, current strength is the amount of electricity flowing per unit time through the cross section of a conductor. The more charged particles running along the wire, the correspondingly greater the current.
To make charged particles move from one pole to another, it is necessary to create a potential difference or – Voltage – between the poles. Voltage is measured in volts and is designated by the letter V or U. To obtain a voltage of 1 Volt, you need to transfer a charge of 1 C between the poles, while doing 1 J of work. I agree, it’s a little unclear.

For clarity, imagine a water tank located at a certain height. A pipe comes out of the tank. Water flows through the pipe under the influence of gravity. Let water be an electric charge, the height of the water column be voltage, and the speed of water flow be electric current. More precisely, not the flow rate, but the amount of water flowing out per second. You understand that the higher the water level, the greater the pressure below will be. And the higher the pressure below, the more water will flow through the pipe because the speed will be higher.. Similarly, the higher the voltage, the more current will flow in the circuit.

The relationship between all three considered quantities in a direct current circuit is determined by Ohm's law, which is expressed by this formula, and it sounds like the current strength in the circuit is directly proportional to the voltage, and inversely proportional to the resistance. The greater the resistance, the less the current, and vice versa.

I'll add a few more words about resistance. It can be measured, or it can be counted. Let's say we have a conductor having a known length and cross-sectional area. Square, round, it doesn't matter. Different substances have different resistivities, and for our imaginary conductor there is this formula that determines the relationship between length, cross-sectional area and resistivity. The resistivity of substances can be found on the Internet in the form of tables.
Again, we can draw an analogy with water: water flows through a pipe, let the pipe have a specific roughness. It is logical to assume that the longer and narrower the pipe, the less water will flow through it per unit of time. See how simple it is? You don’t even need to memorize the formula, just imagine a pipe with water.
As for measuring resistance, you need a device, an ohmmeter. Nowadays, universal instruments are more popular - multimeters; they measure resistance, current, voltage, and a bunch of other things. Let's do an experiment. I will take a piece of nichrome wire of known length and cross-sectional area, find the resistivity on the website where I bought it and calculate the resistance. Now I will measure the same piece using the device. For such a small resistance, I will have to subtract the resistance of the probes of my device, which is 0.8 ohms. Just like that!
The multimeter scale is divided according to the size of the measured quantities; this is done for higher measurement accuracy. If I want to measure a resistor with a nominal value of 100 kOhm, I set the handle to the larger nearest resistance. In my case it is 200 kilo-ohms. If I want to measure 1 kilo-ohm, I use 2 ohms. This is true for measuring other quantities. That is, the scale shows the limits of the measurement you need to fall into.
Let's continue to have fun with the multimeter and try to measure the rest of the quantities we've learned. I'll take several different DC sources. Let it be a 12 volt power supply, a USB port and a transformer that my grandfather made in his youth.
We can measure the voltage on these sources right now by connecting a voltmeter in parallel, that is, directly to the plus and minus of the sources. Everything is clear with voltage; it can be taken and measured. But to measure current strength, you need to create an electrical circuit through which current will flow. There must be a consumer or load in the electrical circuit. Let's connect a consumer to each source. A piece of LED strip, a motor and a resistor (160 ohms).
Let's measure the current flowing in the circuits. To do this, I switch the multimeter to current measurement mode and switch the probe to the current input. The ammeter is connected in series to the object being measured. Here is the diagram, it should also be remembered and not to be confused with connecting a voltmeter. By the way, there is such a thing as current clamps. They allow you to measure current in a circuit without connecting directly to the circuit. That is, you don’t need to disconnect the wires, you just throw them on the wire and they measure. Okay, let's go back to our usual ammeter.

So I measured all the currents. Now we know how much current is consumed in each circuit. Here we have LEDs shining, here the motor is spinning and here... So stand there, what does a resistor do? He doesn't sing us songs, doesn't light up the room, and doesn't turn any mechanism. So what does he spend the whole 90 milliamps on? This won’t work, let’s figure it out. Hey you! Aw, he's hot! So this is where energy is spent! Is it possible to somehow calculate what kind of energy is here? It turns out that it is possible. The law describing the thermal effect of electric current was discovered in the 19th century by two scientists, James Joule and Emilius Lenz.
The law was called Joule-Lenz's law. It is expressed by this formula, and numerically shows how many joules of energy are released in a conductor in which current flows per unit time. From this law you can find the power that is released on this conductor; power is denoted by the English letter P and measured in watts. I found this very cool tablet that connects all the quantities we have studied so far.
Thus, on my table, electrical power is used for lighting, for performing mechanical work and for heating the surrounding air. By the way, it is on this principle that various heaters, electric kettles, hair dryers, soldering irons, etc. work. There is a thin spiral everywhere, which heats up under the influence of current.

This point should be taken into account when connecting wires to the load, that is, laying wiring to sockets throughout the apartment is also included in this concept. If you take a wire that is too thin to connect to an outlet and connect a computer, kettle and microwave to this outlet, the wire may heat up and cause a fire. Therefore, there is such a sign that connects the cross-sectional area of ​​​​the wires with the maximum power that will flow through these wires. If you decide to pull wires, don’t forget about it.

Also, as part of this issue, I would like to recall the features of parallel and series connections of current consumers. With a series connection, the current is the same on all consumers, the voltage is divided into parts, and the total resistance of the consumers is the sum of all resistances. With a parallel connection, the voltage on all consumers is the same, the current strength is divided, and the total resistance is calculated using this formula.
This brings up one very interesting point that can be used to measure current strength. Let's say you need to measure the current in a circuit of about 2 amperes. An ammeter cannot cope with this task, so you can use Ohm's law in its pure form. We know that the current strength is the same in a series connection. Let's take a resistor with a very small resistance and insert it in series with the load. Let's measure the voltage on it. Now, using Ohm's law, we find the current strength. As you can see, it coincides with the calculation of the tape. The main thing to remember here is that this additional resistor should be as low resistance as possible in order to have minimal impact on the measurements.

There is one more very important point that you need to know about. All sources have a maximum output current; if this current is exceeded, the source can heat up, fail, and in the worst case, even catch fire. The most favorable outcome is when the source has overcurrent protection, in which case it will simply turn off the current. As we remember from Ohm's law, the lower the resistance, the higher the current. That is, if you take a piece of wire as a load, that is, close the source to itself, then the current strength in the circuit will jump to enormous values, this is called a short circuit. If you remember the beginning of the issue, you can draw an analogy with water. If we substitute zero resistance into Ohm's law, we get an infinitely large current. In practice, this of course does not happen, because the source has an internal resistance that is connected in series. This law is called Ohm's law for a complete circuit. Thus, the short circuit current depends on the value of the internal resistance of the source.
Now let's return to the maximum current that the source can produce. As I already said, the current in the circuit is determined by the load. Many people wrote to me on VK and asked something like this question, I’ll exaggerate it slightly: Sanya, I have a power supply of 12 volts and 50 amperes. If I connect a small piece of LED strip to it, will it burn out? No, of course it won't burn. 50 amperes is the maximum current that the source can produce. If you connect a piece of tape to it, it will take its well, let’s say 100 milliamps, and that’s it. The current in the circuit will be 100 milliamps, and no one will burn anywhere. Another thing is that if you take a kilometer of LED strip and connect it to this power supply, then the current there will be higher than permissible, and the power supply will most likely overheat and fail. Remember, it is the consumer who determines the amount of current in the circuit. This unit can output a maximum of 2 amps, and when I short it to the bolt, nothing happens to the bolt. But the power supply doesn’t like this; it works in extreme conditions. But if you take a source capable of delivering tens of amperes, the bolt will not like this situation.

As an example, let’s calculate the power supply that will be required to power a known section of LED strip. So, we bought a reel of LED strip from the Chinese and want to power three meters of this very strip. First, we go to the product page and try to find how many watts one meter of tape consumes. I couldn’t find this information, so there is this sign. Let's see what kind of tape we have. Diodes 5050, 60 pieces per meter. And we see that the power is 14 watts per meter. I want 3 meters, which means the power will be 42 watts. It is advisable to take a power supply with a 30% power reserve so that it does not operate in critical mode. As a result, we get 55 watts. The closest suitable power supply will be 60 watts. From the power formula we express the current strength and find it, knowing that LEDs operate at a voltage of 12 volts. It turns out that we need a unit with a current of 5 amperes. For example, we go to Ali, find it, buy it.
It is very important to know the current consumption when making any USB homemade products. The maximum current that can be taken from USB is 500 milliamps, and it is better not to exceed it.
And finally, a short word about safety precautions. Here you can see to what values ​​electricity is considered harmless to human life.

Nowadays it is impossible to imagine life without electricity. This is not only light and heaters, but also all electronic equipment, from the very first vacuum tubes to mobile phones and computers. Their work is described by a variety of, sometimes very complex, formulas. But even the most complex laws of electrical engineering and electronics are based on the laws of electrical engineering, which are studied in the subject “Theoretical Foundations of Electrical Engineering” (TOE) in institutes, technical schools and colleges.

Basic laws of electrical engineering

• Ohm's law
• Joule-Lenz law
• Kirchhoff's first law

Ohm's law- the study of TOE begins with this law and not a single electrician can do without it. It states that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. This means that the higher the voltage applied to the resistor, motor, capacitor or coil (holding other conditions constant), the higher the current flowing through the circuit. Conversely, the higher the resistance, the lower the current.

Joule-Lenz law. Using this law, you can determine the amount of heat generated by a heater, cable, electric motor power or other types of work performed by electric current. This law states that the amount of heat generated when electric current flows through a conductor is directly proportional to the square of the current, the resistance of that conductor, and the time the current flows. Using this law, the actual power of electric motors is determined, and also on the basis of this law, the electric meter works, according to which we pay for the electricity consumed.

Kirchhoff's first law. It is used to calculate cables and circuit breakers when calculating power supply circuits. It states that the sum of currents entering any node is equal to the sum of currents leaving that node. In practice, one cable comes in from the power source, and one or more go out.

Kirchhoff's second law. Used when connecting several loads in series or a load and a long cable. It is also applicable when connected not from a stationary power source, but from a battery. It states that in a closed circuit the sum of all voltage drops and all emfs is 0.

Where to start studying electrical engineering

It is best to study electrical engineering in special courses or in educational institutions. In addition to the opportunity to communicate with teachers, you can take advantage of the educational institution’s facilities for practical classes. The educational institution also issues a document that will be required when applying for a job.

If you decide to study electrical engineering on your own or you need additional material for classes, then there are many sites where you can study and download the necessary materials to your computer or phone.

Video lessons

There are many videos on the Internet that help you master the basics of electrical engineering. All videos can be watched online or downloaded using special programs.

Electrician video tutorials- a lot of materials telling about various practical issues that a novice electrician may encounter, about the programs that he has to work with and about the equipment installed in residential premises.

Basics of electrical engineering theory- here are video lessons that clearly explain the basic laws of electrical engineering. The total duration of all lessons is about 3 hours.

zero and phase, connection diagrams for light bulbs, switches, sockets. Types of tools for electrical installation;
1. Types of materials for electrical installation, electrical circuit assembly;
2. Switch connection and parallel connection;
3. Installation of an electrical circuit with a two-button switch. Model of power supply for the premises;
4. Model of power supply for a room with a switch. Safety Basics.

Books

The best advisor there was always a book. Previously, it was necessary to borrow a book from the library, from friends, or buy it. Nowadays on the Internet you can find and download a variety of books that a beginner or an experienced electrician needs. Unlike video tutorials, where you can watch how this or that action is performed, in a book you can keep it nearby while doing the work. The book may contain reference materials that will not fit into a video lesson (like in school - the teacher tells the lesson described in the textbook, and these forms of teaching complement each other).

There are sites with a large amount of electrical engineering literature on a variety of issues - from theory to reference materials. On all these sites, you can download the book you need to your computer and later read it from any device.

For example,

mexalib- various types of literature, including electrical engineering

books for electrician- this site has a lot of advice for the novice electrical engineer

electric specialist- site for beginner electricians and professionals

Electrician's Library- many different books mainly for professionals

Online textbooks

In addition, there are online textbooks on electrical engineering and electronics with an interactive table of contents on the Internet.

These are such as:

Electrician Basic Course- textbook on electrical engineering

Basic Concepts

Electronics for Beginners- initial course and basics of electronics

Safety precautions

The main thing when performing electrical work is compliance with safety precautions. If incorrect operation can lead to equipment failure, then failure to comply with safety precautions can lead to injury, disability or death.

Main rules- this means not touching live wires with bare hands, working with tools with insulated handles, and when turning off the power, posting a sign “do not turn on, people are working.” For a more detailed study of this issue, you need to take the book “Safety Rules for Electrical Installation and Adjustment Work.”

Electrical engineering is like a foreign language. Some have already mastered it perfectly for a long time, others are just beginning to get acquainted with it, and for others it is still an unattainable, but alluring goal. Why do many people want to explore this mysterious world of electricity? People have been familiar with it for only about 250 years, but today it is difficult to imagine life without electricity. To get acquainted with this world, there are theoretical foundations of electrical engineering (TOE) for dummies.

First acquaintance with electricity

At the end of the 18th century, the French scientist Charles Coulomb began to actively study the electrical and magnetic phenomena of substances. It was he who discovered the law of electric charge, which was named after him - the coulomb.

Today it is known that any substance consists of atoms and electrons rotating around them in an orbital. However, in some substances, electrons are held very tightly by atoms, while in others this bond is weak, which allows electrons to freely break away from some atoms and attach to others.

To understand what it is, you can imagine a large city with a huge number of cars that move without any rules. These machines move chaotically and cannot do useful work. Fortunately, the electrons do not break apart, but bounce off each other like balls. To benefit from these little workers , three conditions must be met:

1. Atoms of a substance must freely give up their electrons.
2. A force must be applied to this substance, which will force the electrons to move in one direction.
3. The circuit along which charged particles move must be closed.

It is the observance of these three conditions that underlies electrical engineering for beginners.

All elements are made up of atoms. Atoms can be compared to the solar system, only each system has its own number of orbits, and each orbit can contain several planets (electrons). The further the orbit is from the nucleus, the less attraction the electrons in this orbit experience.

Attraction does not depend on the mass of the nucleus, but from different polarities of the nucleus and electrons. If the nucleus has a charge of +10 units, the electrons must also have a total of 10 units, but of a negative charge. If an electron flies away from the outer orbit, then the total energy of the electrons will already be -9 units. A simple example for addition +10 + (-9) = +1. It turns out that the atom has a positive charge.

It also happens the other way around: the nucleus has a strong attraction and captures a “foreign” electron. Then an “extra”, 11th electron appears in its outer orbit. Same example +10 + (-11) = -1. In this case, the atom will be negatively charged.

If two materials with opposite charges are placed in an electrolyte and connected to them through a conductor, for example, a light bulb, then current will flow in a closed circuit and the light bulb will light up. If the circuit is broken, for example through a switch, the light bulb will go out.

Electric current is obtained as follows. When one of the materials (electrode) is exposed to an electrolyte, an excess of electrons appears in it, and it becomes negatively charged. The second electrode, on the contrary, gives up electrons when exposed to the electrolyte and becomes positively charged. Each electrode is respectively designated “+” (excess electrons) and “-” (lack of electrons).

Although electrons have a negative charge, the electrode is marked “+”. This confusion occurred at the dawn of electrical engineering. At that time, it was believed that charge transfer occurs by positive particles. Since then, many circuits have been drawn up, and in order not to redo them, they left everything as is .

In galvanic cells, electric current is generated as a result of a chemical reaction. The combination of several elements is called a battery; such a rule can be found in electrical engineering for dummies. If the reverse process is possible, when chemical energy accumulates in the element under the influence of electric current, then such an element is called a battery.

The galvanic cell was invented by Alessandro Volta in 1800. He used copper and zinc plates dipped in a salt solution. This became the prototype of modern batteries and batteries.

Types and characteristics of current

After receiving the first electricity, the idea arose to transmit this energy over a certain distance, and here difficulties arose. It turns out that electrons passing through a conductor lose part of their energy, and the longer the conductor, the greater these losses. In 1826, Georg Ohm established a law that traces the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. It reads as follows: U=RI. In words, it turns out: voltage is equal to the current multiplied by the resistance of the conductor.

From the equation it can be seen that the longer the conductor, which increases the resistance, the less current and voltage will be, therefore, the power will decrease. It is impossible to eliminate resistance; to do this, you need to lower the temperature of the conductor to absolute zero, which is only possible in laboratory conditions. Current is necessary for power, so you can’t touch it either, all that remains is to increase the voltage.

For the end of the 19th century, this was an insurmountable problem. After all, at that time there were no power plants generating alternating current, no transformers. Therefore, engineers and scientists turned their attention to radio, although it was very different from modern wireless. The governments of various countries did not see the benefits of these developments and did not sponsor such projects.

To be able to transform the voltage, increase or decrease it, alternating current is required. You can see how this works in the following example. If the wire is rolled into a coil and a magnet is quickly moved inside it, an alternating current will arise in the coil. This can be verified by connecting a voltmeter with a zero mark in the middle to the ends of the coil. The arrow of the device will deviate to the left and to the right, this will indicate that the electrons are moving in one direction, then in the other.

This method of generating electricity is called magnetic induction. It is used, for example, in generators and transformers, receiving and changing current. According to its form alternating current can be:

• sinusoidal;
• impulsive;
• straightened.

Types of conductors

The first thing that affects electric current is the conductivity of the material. This conductivity is different for different materials. Conventionally, all substances can be divided into three types:

• conductor;
• semiconductor;
• dielectric.

A conductor can be any substance that freely passes electric current through itself. These include hard materials such as metal or semi-metal (graphite). Liquid - mercury, molten metals, electrolytes. This also includes ionized gases.

Based on this, conductors are divided into two types of conductivity:

• electronic;
• ionic.

Electronic conductivity includes all materials and substances that use electrons to create an electric current. These elements include metals and semimetals. Carbon also conducts current well.

In ionic conduction, this role is played by a particle that has a positive or negative charge. An ion is a particle with a missing or extra electron. Some ions are not averse to capturing an “extra” electron, while others do not value electrons and therefore freely give them away.

Accordingly, such particles can be negatively charged or positively charged. An example is salt water. The main substance is distilled water, which is an insulator and does not conduct current. When salt is added, it becomes an electrolyte, that is, a conductor.

Semiconductors in their normal state do not conduct current, but when exposed to external influences (temperature, pressure, light, etc.) they begin to conduct current, although not as well as conductors.

All other materials not included in the first two types are classified as dielectrics or insulators. Under normal conditions, they practically do not conduct electric current. This is explained by the fact that in the outer orbit the electrons are held very firmly in their places, and there is no room for other electrons.

When studying electrics for dummies, you need to remember that all the previously listed types of materials are used. Conductors are primarily used to connect circuit elements (including in microcircuits). They can connect a power source to a load (for example, a cord from a refrigerator, electrical wiring, etc.). They are used in the manufacture of coils, which, in turn, can be used unchanged, for example, on printed circuit boards or in transformers, generators, electric motors, etc.

The conductors are the most numerous and diverse. Almost all radio components are made from them. To obtain a varistor, for example, a single semiconductor (silicon carbide or zinc oxide) can be used. There are parts that contain conductors of different types of conductivity, for example, diodes, zener diodes, transistors.

Bimetals occupy a special niche. It is a combination of two or more metals, which have different degrees of expansion. When such a part heats up, it deforms due to different percentage expansion. Typically used in current protection, for example, to protect an electric motor from overheating or to turn off the device when it reaches a set temperature, as in an iron.

Dielectrics mainly serve a protective function (for example, insulating handles on power tools). They also allow you to isolate elements of an electrical circuit. The printed circuit board on which the radio components are mounted is made of dielectric. The coil wires are coated with insulating varnish to prevent short circuits between turns.

However, a dielectric, when a conductor is added, becomes a semiconductor and can conduct current. The same air becomes a conductor during a thunderstorm. Dry wood is a poor conductor, but if it gets wet, it will no longer be safe.

Electric current plays a huge role in the life of modern man, but, on the other hand, it can pose a mortal danger. It is very difficult to detect it, for example, in a wire lying on the ground; this requires special equipment and knowledge. Therefore, extreme caution must be exercised when using electrical appliances.

The human body is composed primarily of water, but it is not distilled water, which is a dielectric. Therefore, the body becomes almost a conductor for electricity. After receiving an electric shock, the muscles contract, which can lead to cardiac and respiratory arrest. With further action of the current, the blood begins to boil, then the body dries out and, finally, the tissues become charred. The first thing to do is to stop the current, if necessary, provide first aid and call doctors.

Static voltage occurs in nature, but most often it does not pose a danger to humans, with the exception of lightning. But it can be dangerous for electronic circuits or parts. Therefore, when working with microcircuits and field-effect transistors, grounded bracelets are used.

At present, it has already developed quite steadily services market, including in the region household electricians.

Highly professional electricians, with undisguised enthusiasm, try with all their might to help the rest of our population, while receiving great satisfaction from quality work and modest remuneration. In turn, our population also receives great pleasure from a high-quality, quick and completely inexpensive solution to their problems.

On the other hand, there has always been a fairly wide category of citizens who fundamentally consider it an honor - with his own hand solve absolutely any everyday issues that arise in your own place of residence. Such a position certainly deserves approval and understanding.
Moreover, all these Replacements, transfers, installations- switches, sockets, machines, meters, lamps, connection of kitchen stoves etc. - all these types of services most in demand by the population, from the point of view of a professional electrician, at all are not difficult work.

And to be honest, an ordinary citizen, without electrical engineering education, but having fairly detailed instructions, can easily cope with its implementation himself, with his own hands.
Of course, when performing such work for the first time, a novice electrician can spend much more time than an experienced professional. But it is not at all a fact that this will make it performed less efficiently, with attention to detail and no haste.

Initially, this site was conceived as a collection of similar instructions regarding the most frequently encountered problems in this area. But later, for people who had absolutely never encountered solving such issues, a “young electrician” course consisting of 6 practical lessons was added.

Features of installation of electrical sockets of hidden and open wiring. Sockets for electric kitchen stove. Connecting an electric stove with your own hands.

Switches.

Replacement and installation of electrical switches, hidden and exposed wiring.

Automatic machines and RCDs.

Operating principle of Residual Current Devices and circuit breakers. Classification of circuit breakers.

Electric meters.

Instructions for self-installation and connection of a single-phase meter.

Replacing wiring.

Indoor electrical installation. Installation features, depending on the material of the walls and the type of finishing. Electrical wiring in a wooden house.

Lamps.

Installation of wall lamps. Chandeliers. Installation of spotlights.

Contacts and connections.

Some types of conductor connections, most often found in “home” electrics.

Electrical engineering - basic theory.

The concept of electrical resistance. Ohm's law. Kirchhoff's laws. Parallel and serial connection.

Description of the most common wires and cables.

Illustrated instructions for working with a digital universal electrical measuring instrument.

About lamps - incandescent, fluorescent, LED.

About "money."

The profession of an electrician was definitely not considered prestigious until recently. But could it be called low-paid? Below you can see the price list of the most common services from three years ago.

Electrical installation - prices.

Electric meter pcs. - 650p.

Single-pole circuit breakers pcs. - 200p.

Three-pole automatic machines pcs. - 350p.

Difavtomat pcs. - 300p.

Single-phase RCD pcs. - 300p.

Single-key switch pcs. - 150p.

Two-key switch pcs. - 200p.

Three-key switch pcs. - 250p.

Open wiring panel up to 10 groups pcs. - 3400p.

Hidden wiring panel up to 10 groups pcs. - 5400p.

Laying open wiring P.m - 40p.

Corrugated wiring P.m - 150p.

Grooving in the wall (concrete) P.m - 300p.

(brick) P.m - 200p.

Installation of sub-socket and junction box in concrete pcs. - 300p.

brick pcs. - 200p.

plasterboard pcs. - 100p.

Sconce pcs. - 400p.

Spotlight pcs. - 250p.

Chandelier on hook pcs. - 550p.

Ceiling chandelier (without assembly) pcs. - 650p.

Installation of bell and bell button pcs. - 500p.

Installation of socket, open wiring switch pcs. - 300p.

Installation of a socket, hidden wiring switch (without installing a socket box) pcs. - 150p.

When I was an electrician “by advertisement,” I was not able to install more than 6-7 points (sockets, switches) of hidden wiring on concrete - in an evening. Plus 4-5 meters of grooves (on concrete). We carry out simple arithmetic calculations: (300+150)*6=2700p. - these are for sockets with switches.
300*4=1200 rub. - this is for the grooves.
2700+1200=3900 rub. - this is the total amount.

Not bad for 5-6 hours of work, isn’t it? Prices, of course, are Moscow prices; in Russia they will be less, but not more than twice.
Taken as a whole, the monthly salary of an electrician-installer currently rarely exceeds 60,000 rubles (not in Moscow)

Of course, there are also particularly gifted people in this field (as a rule, with excellent health) and practical acumen. Under certain conditions, they manage to raise their earnings to 100,000 rubles and above. As a rule, they have a license to carry out electrical installation work and work directly with the customer, taking on “serious” contracts without the participation of various intermediaries.
Electricians - industrial repairmen. equipment (at enterprises), electricians - high-voltage workers, as a rule (not always) - earn somewhat less. If the enterprise is profitable and funds are invested in “re-equipment”, additional sources of income may open up for electricians-repairers, for example, installation of new equipment carried out during non-working hours.

Highly paid but physically difficult and sometimes very dusty, the work of an electrician-installer is undoubtedly worthy of all respect.
By doing electrical installation, a novice specialist can master basic skills and abilities and gain initial experience.
Regardless of how he builds his career in the future, you can be sure that the practical knowledge obtained in this way will definitely come in handy.

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